- Reduced survival of eggs, larvae, and pupae: High temperatures can cause the eggs, larvae, and pupae of monarch butterflies to die. This is because extreme heat can denature proteins and disrupt the normal development of these stages.
- Reduced adult longevity: Extreme heat can also shorten the lifespan of adult monarch butterflies. This is because high temperatures can cause the butterflies to lose water and electrolytes, which can lead to dehydration and death.
- Increased susceptibility to disease: Extreme heat can also make monarch butterflies more susceptible to disease. This is because high temperatures can weaken the butterflies' immune system, making them more likely to succumb to infections.
- Disruption of migration: Extreme heat can also disrupt the migration of monarch butterflies. This is because high temperatures can cause the butterflies to become disoriented and lose their way.
- Alterations in distribution and abundance: Extreme heat can also alter the distribution and abundance of monarch butterflies. This is because high temperatures can make some areas too hot for the butterflies to survive, causing them to move to cooler areas.