According to the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, the effects of wind turbines on birds and bats vary based on the stage of a turbine or wind farm: construction of the facility, power generation, transmission and delivery of energy, and decommissioning of the facility.
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Wind Farm Construction
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The construction phase of a wind farm has a low potential to harm wildlife. Loss of habitat occurs when land is cleared for roads and facilities, such as turbines and substations. Construction noise and activity disturbs the natural environment, often resulting in displacement as bird and bat populations relocate to other areas.
Power Generation
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Electricity generation by wind presents a moderate threat for birds and a potentially high threat for bats. (As of March 2011, more studies are needed for individual bat species.) When wind turbines are in use, birds and bats can collide with the structure and blades, resulting in injury and death. This risk accounts for the majority of turbine-related wildlife fatalities.
Transmission and Delivery of Power
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Wildlife is exposed to a moderate risk from the transmission and delivery of electricity. The risks include electrocution from power lines and substations, collision injuries and deaths, and degradation of the habitat cause by maintenance of the facilities.
Decommissioning of the Facility
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The decommissioning and demolition of a wind turbine has a low potential of harming birds and bats. The main issues are with disturbance and displacement from the noise and activity when the facilities are demolished.
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