Natural Predators:
* Sea lions: These large marine mammals are known to prey on penguins, especially pups and adults on land.
* Dolphins: Certain species of dolphins, particularly the bottlenose dolphin, can pose a threat to penguins in the ocean.
* Sharks: While not as common as other predators, sharks, particularly white-tipped reef sharks, can occasionally attack penguins in the water.
* Larger birds: Large birds like skuas and gulls can prey on penguin eggs and chicks, although this is less common for adult penguins.
* Other animals: Rats, stoats, and other introduced predators can pose a threat to penguins on land, especially to nests and chicks.
Human Impacts:
* Pollution: Pollution from oil spills, plastic debris, and other contaminants can harm penguins, making them more susceptible to disease and predation.
* Climate change: Rising sea levels and changes in ocean currents can affect penguin food sources and breeding grounds, increasing their vulnerability to predators.
* Habitat loss: Human activities, such as coastal development and fishing, can reduce penguin habitat and make them more vulnerable to predators.
It's important to note that the impact of different predators can vary depending on the location and the specific penguin population.