1. Size
Male quails are typically larger than females. This is especially noticeable in the larger quail species, such as the bobwhite quail.
2. Plumage
Male quails often have more vibrant plumage than females. This is especially noticeable in the breeding season, when males will display their feathers in order to attract mates. In some cases, the difference in plumage between males and females can be quite dramatic. For example, male northern bobwhites have a distinctive black and white head pattern, while females have a more subdued brown head.
3. Behavior
Male quails are typically more vocal than females. They will often call out to attract mates or defend their territory. Females quails are usually quieter, and they may only call out when they are in danger.
4. Spurs
Male quails have spurs on their legs, while females do not. These spurs are used for fighting and defending their territory. The spurs on male quails can be quite sharp, and they can inflict serious injuries.
5. Genetics
In some cases, it may be necessary to look at the quail's genetics to determine its sex. This can be done by sending a blood sample to a laboratory.
It is important to note that not all of these characteristics will be present in every quail species. For example, some quail species, such as the Gambel's quail, do not have spurs. If you are not sure how to tell if a quail is male or female, it is best to consult with an expert.