What learned does the homing pigeon have?

Homing pigeons possess an extraordinary ability to find their way back home from unfamiliar locations, even over vast distances. This remarkable skill, known as homing instinct or homing ability, has fascinated and intrigued scientists and researchers for centuries. While the exact mechanisms behind this talent are still not fully understood, there are several learned and inherited traits that contribute to their homing prowess:

Inherited Traits:

1. Magnetic Field Detection: Homing pigeons have specialized cells in their beaks and eyes that enable them to detect the Earth's magnetic field. This built-in compass helps them determine their geographical orientation and make appropriate adjustments during their journeys.

2. Sun Navigation: Pigeons also rely on the position of the sun to guide their flight. They possess an internal "clock" that allows them to gauge the time of day and use the sun's position to calculate the appropriate flight direction.

Learned Traits:

1. Loft Training: When young pigeons are initially trained, they are taken to various distances from their loft and released. Through repeated releases, they gradually learn the surrounding landmarks, terrain features, and topographical cues that help them navigate their way back home.

2. Landmark Recognition: Over time, homing pigeons develop an impressive ability to recognize and memorize landmarks, such as prominent buildings, highways, rivers, or mountain ranges. These landmarks serve as visual guides during their flights and help them stay on course.

3. Group Learning: Homing pigeons often fly in flocks, and they can learn from each other's experiences and navigational strategies. By observing and following more experienced pigeons, younger pigeons enhance their homing abilities.

4. Experience: The more a homing pigeon flies, the more experience it gains in navigating different terrains, weather conditions, and distances. This accumulated experience further refines their homing skills and allows them to tackle increasingly challenging journeys.

In conclusion, homing pigeons possess a unique combination of inherited traits, such as magnetic field detection and sun navigation, coupled with learned skills acquired through loft training, landmark recognition, group learning, and experience. These factors collectively contribute to their exceptional homing ability, enabling them to undertake remarkable long-distance flights and find their way back home with remarkable accuracy.