* Regurgitation: Turkey vultures will often regurgitate the contents of their stomachs when they are threatened, creating a foul smell that repels predators.
* Biting and Clawing: Turkey vultures can also defend themselves by biting and clawing at predators. Although their beaks are not particularly strong, they can still inflict painful wounds.
* Kicking: Turkey vultures will sometimes kick at predators with their powerful legs, which can also inflict painful wounds.
* Flying: In most cases, turkey vultures will simply fly away from danger, as they are not particularly aggressive birds.