1. Fragmentation:
Fragments consisting of one or more cells break off and grow into new individual. Example. Spirogyra
2. Budding:
A new individuals develop as lateral outgrowth in parent organisms which may separate and grows independently
Example:. Hydra
3. Vegetative Reproduction:
New plants arises out of specialised structures and they can grow and develop with time Example :. Rhizomes ( ginger) , tuber (potatoes) and bulb.( Onion) , Runner’s ( Oxalis ).
4. Spores:
Many bryophytes and pteridophytes reproduce through spores. Each spore can grow into a new individual after dispersing from the parent plant Example; Dryopteris and Selaginella