* Birds: Caterpillars are important prey for many kinds of birds, including songbirds like robins, blue jays, and cardinals, and birds of prey like hawks and owls.
* Reptiles and amphibians: Lizards, snakes, frogs, and toads all prey on caterpillars. For many of them, caterpillars make up a significant part of their diets.
* Insects: Many kinds of insects prey on caterpillars, including ground beetles, ladybugs, praying mantises, and ants.
* Arachnids: Some arachnids, like spiders and scorpions, also eat caterpillars.
* Parasitic flies and parasitic wasps: Some species of flies and wasps lay their eggs on or inside caterpillars, and their larvae feed on the caterpillars' bodies as they grow.
* Viruses, fungi, and bacteria: Caterpillars are also susceptible to infection by a variety of viruses, fungi, and bacteria that cause disease, which can kill them or make them easier for predators to eat.