1. Calcium (Ca):
- Structural component of bones and teeth, providing strength and rigidity.
- Essential for muscle contraction and relaxation, including the heart.
- Involved in nerve transmission and regulating hormone secretion.
- Aids in blood clotting and maintaining the balance of body fluids.
2. Iron (Fe):
- Central component of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
- Facilitates the transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs.
- Involved in energy production within cells through cellular respiration.
- Essential for the production of certain hormones and connective tissues.
3. Phosphorus (P):
- Essential component of bones and teeth, forming the mineral hydroxyapatite.
- Involved in energy storage and metabolism as part of the energy-carrying molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
- Plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and cellular growth.
- Contributes to the structure of cell membranes and nucleic acids.
4. Sulfur (S):
- Vital component of proteins, particularly those involved in structural support and enzymatic functions.
- Forms the amino acid cysteine, which is necessary for the synthesis of keratin, a protein found in hair, skin, and nails.
- Involved in metabolism and the production of certain hormones, including insulin.
- Plays a role in the detoxification process of harmful substances in the body.
These elements, along with other essential elements, work together in intricate biochemical pathways to maintain optimal physiological functions and overall health in living organisms. Deficiencies in these elements can lead to various health issues and disorders.