- In budding, a small outgrowth or bud develops on the parent's body.
- The bud gradually grows and eventually detaches to form a new independent individual.
Example: Hydra, yeast
2. Fission:
- Fission involves the splitting of the parent's body into two or more parts.
- Each part then develops into a new individual.
Example: Amoeba, paramecium
3. Fragmentation:
- Fragmentation occurs when the parent's body breaks into several pieces.
- Each piece then grows into a new individual.
Example: Starfish, flatworms
4. Parthenogenesis:
- In parthenogenesis, an egg develops into a new individual without fertilization.
- Parthenogenesis can be either obligate (only the female develops) or facultative (both male and female can develop).
Example: Aphids, some reptiles
5. Vegetative reproduction:
- Vegetative reproduction involves the growth of new plants from vegetative parts (such as roots, stems, or leaves) of the parent plant.
- Plant fragments that break off (e.g., runners, plantlets) or are intentionally divided can create new plants.
Example: Spider plants, succulents.