What defects do puppies have when bred between father and daughter?

Breeding between a father and a daughter, also known as father-daughter mating or incestuous breeding, can lead to a variety of genetic and health problems in the resulting offspring. Some of the defects or genetic disorders commonly associated with father-daughter breeding in puppies include:

Degenerative Joint Disorders (DJD): This is a group of conditions that affects the joints, causing them to break down over time. DJD can cause limping, pain, and stiffness, and can lead to reduced mobility and lameness in the affected puppies.

Spinal Abnormalities: Father-daughter breeding can increase the risk of certain spinal abnormalities, such as hemivertebrae (malformed vertebrae) and spina bifida (a gap in the spine). These abnormalities can lead to neurological problems and physical limitations in the affected puppies.

Eye Defects: Father-daughter mating can increase the likelihood of various eye defects, including cataracts, corneal opacity, and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). These defects can lead to vision impairment, blindness, and discomfort in the affected puppies.

Ear Problems: Puppies resulting from father-daughter breeding may be more prone to ear infections, deafness, and other ear-related issues. These problems can affect hearing, balance, and overall health.

Immune System Deficiencies: Inbreeding, including father-daughter mating, can weaken the immune system of puppies, making them more susceptible to infections, diseases, and allergies. This can lead to frequent health issues and a compromised quality of life.

Musculoskeletal Problems: Father-daughter breeding may result in musculoskeletal defects such as hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and patellar luxation (a condition where the kneecap dislocates). These problems can affect mobility, cause lameness, and may lead to pain and discomfort.

Behavioral Issues: Some puppies produced through father-daughter breeding may display abnormal or undesirable behaviors due to genetic abnormalities. These behaviors can range from aggression to shyness and may pose challenges in training and socialization.

In addition to these defects and health risks, father-daughter breeding also increases the likelihood of genetic homozygosity, where an individual has two identical copies of a gene, which can further compound the negative effects of recessive gene disorders.

Due to the potential for severe health problems, ethical concerns, and reduced genetic diversity, father-daughter breeding is generally discouraged in dog breeding practices. It is important to follow recommended breeding practices and guidelines to maintain the health and genetic integrity of dog breeds.