* Predation: They are prey animals, so predators like coyotes, hawks, and eagles can significantly reduce their lifespan.
* Disease: Prairie dogs are susceptible to various diseases like plague and tularemia.
* Habitat loss and fragmentation: Their populations have been heavily impacted by human development and agriculture, which can reduce their food sources and make them more vulnerable.
In captivity, prairie dogs can live longer, with some individuals reaching 10-15 years. This is due to the lack of predators, access to better food and healthcare, and a controlled environment.