The cell is enclosed by a thin, flexible membrane. This membrane controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm:
The cytoplasm refers to the jelly-like substance that fills the cell. It is made up of various components, including cytosol, organelles, and inclusions. The cytosol is a gel-like fluid that contains water, salts, proteins, and other molecules.
3. Nucleus:
The most prominent feature of the animal cell is the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure that encloses the cell's genetic material (DNA). The DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, which are essential for the cell's functioning.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum:
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membrane-bound channels. The ER functions in the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids.
5. Ribosomes:
Ribosomes are small structures found in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They synthesize proteins by translating the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA (mRNA).
6. Mitochondria:
Mitochondria are often called "the powerhouse" of the cell because they produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's energy currency.
7. Golgi apparatus:
The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, processes, modifies, and sorts proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER. It functions in packaging and distributing these substances within the cell or for export.
8. Lysosomes:
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They are responsible for breaking down complex organic substances, such as food particles, worn-out cell components, and foreign invaders, through the process of intracellular digestion.
9. Centrosomes:
The centrosome is an organelle that is involved in the organization of microtubules. It is composed of two centrioles, which are cylindrical structures located near the nucleus.
10. Cytoskeleton:
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments that provides structural support and shape to the cell. It is composed of three types of filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
These are the main components of an animal cell. Each component has a specific structure and function, contributing to the overall functioning of the cell.