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Chemical Insecticides
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Most flea shampoos use insecticides such as synthetic pyrethrins. It is the most effective of the chemical insecticides, but is not suitable for all dogs. Small dogs, dogs with other health issues or puppies younger than 12 weeks old should not be exposed to pyrethrins. Ask a veterinarian if you are not sure if you should use these products.
Natural Insecticides
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Some shampoos use citrus oils or other natural ingredients to repel fleas. They are not as effective as chemical insecticides, but they are safe for use on dogs that may have reactions to the chemicals.
Other Ingredients
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Look for shampoos that have soothing or moisturizing ingredients in addition to the insecticides. Some insecticides can dry out a dog's skin. Oatmeal or tea tree oil in the shampoo can counteract these effects.
Backup Methods
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Most shampoos will only kill fleas that are on the dog when it is bathed. You will also need to implement control measures designed to kill developing flea larva and eggs. The eggs and larva hide in the area around where the dog spends time. You will need to clean and treat the dog's bedding and any carpeting. Wash bedding in the hottest water the fabric will accept. Vacuum carpets frequently, and consider calling a pest exterminator if the problem persists.
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Shampoos for Dogs That Are Allergic to Fleas
Flea shampoos can be an effective weapon against fleas in the summer. Dogs can be allergic to flea bites, which can translate into excessive scratching, licking or biting at the skin. The dog may even lick a flea bite to the point where an oozing sore called a hot spot develops. Bathing your dog in flea shampoo will kill any fleas on the dog, and will give the dog a measure of protection in flea-infested areas.