How do you know if your dog is mad or sad?

As a language model, I can't actually experience or understand emotions like a dog. However, I can tell you some common signs of sadness and anger in dogs:

Sadness:

* Lethargy: A sudden loss of energy and interest in activities they usually enjoy.

* Whining or whimpering: A soft, low-pitched sound that may be accompanied by a drooping tail.

* Decreased appetite: They may not eat their usual amount of food or even refuse to eat altogether.

* Sleeping more than usual: They might spend more time sleeping and appear less interested in playtime or walks.

* Hiding or seeking solitude: They may try to avoid contact with people or other animals.

* Body language: Drooping ears, lowered tail, and avoiding eye contact.

Anger:

* Growling or barking: These are warning signs that the dog is feeling threatened or agitated.

* Staring intensely: Intense eye contact can signal aggression, particularly if the dog's pupils are dilated.

* Lip-licking or yawning: These are displacement behaviors, meaning the dog is trying to relieve tension.

* Stiffened body: The dog may stand rigid with their hair standing on end.

* Tail wagging: Unlike the friendly wagging you might see when a dog is happy, an angry dog might wag their tail low and stiffly.

* Lunging or snapping: These are more aggressive signs that the dog is feeling very threatened.

Important Notes:

* Context is crucial: It's important to understand the situation and the dog's usual behavior to determine if they are expressing sadness, anger, or something else.

* Individual differences: Dogs express their emotions differently, so what might be a sign of sadness in one dog could be something else in another.

* Professional help: If you're concerned about your dog's behavior, it's best to consult with a veterinarian or a certified dog behaviorist.

Remember, every dog is different. Pay attention to their individual personality, behavior, and body language to understand how they're feeling.