Unfortunately, as of July 2010, there are no foolproof tests that can truly detect the present of cancer. However, there are many different diagnostic tests that can aid in detecting cancers in dogs. Owners who suspect that their dog may have cancer should be informed as to what these tests are used for in regards to potential cancers affecting their dog.
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Blood Cell Count
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A blood test that involves a blood cell count can aid in detecting certain types of canine cancers, especially various blood cancers or leukemias. Blood cell counts that are higher or lower than normal can indicate the presence of cancer. Different blood cells include red cells, platelets and white cells.
Blood Tests
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Aside from a blood cell count, the veterinarian can run several different blood tests depending on what the veterinarian suspects is present. Different blood tests can also be used to check calcium and other nutrient levels in the blood. Furthermore, blood tests can also be helpful in evaluating the functioning levels of various organs.
X-Rays and Ultrasounds
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Both X-rays and ultrasounds can detect tumors that may be present but are not visible to the eye. X-rays are beneficial in detecting tumors of the chest, lungs or bones while ultrasounds are beneficial for detecting tumors within specific organs of the abdomen such as the spleen, bladder, kidneys or lymph nodes.
Urinalysis
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A urinalysis involves checking what nutrients, minerals and other materials are present in the urine. In some instances, a urinalysis can also aid in evaluating the function of certain organs, such as the kidneys.
Biopsy
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When a tumor is physically palpable or visible, the veterinarian can perform a biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of the tumor for an in-depth analysis. This analysis involves determining the type of cells and the type of cancer, if any, is present.
Fine-Needle Aspiration
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A fine-needle aspiration involves the same process as a biopsy, but in this case a fine needle is used to remove cells from the tumor so that they can be analyzed.
Surgery
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In some situations, the veterinarian may choose to use exploratory surgery if a tumor or cancer is suspected.
Endoscopy
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An endoscopy is a technique in which a small camera is inserted into the dog through the mouth or the nose. It is often used to examine the dog's colon, throat or stomach.
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