There are numerous thyroid disorders than can afflict dogs, and each of these has distinct symptoms, diagnosis methods, treatments and prognosis. Some of these disorders can be very dangerous and even life threatening, and others allow the dog to live a relatively normal life once she receives the appropriate treatment and monitoring.
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Definitions
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The thyroid gland, which is in the front of the dog's neck, is part of the endocrine system and has the critical responsibility of making thyroid hormones. These hormones control metabolism and are needed in every organ and system in the body. The thyroid gland also is intricately connected with the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands.
Hypothyroidism
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The most common thyroid problem in dogs, hypothyroidism comes about because the dog's body does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms can include low energy, lack of mental alertness, weight gain, constipation, dry skin and hair loss.
Various blood tests can determine whether hypothyroidism exists; these include TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), T4 and T3. Treatment for a dog's hypothyroidism involves giving daily thyroid hormone replacement medication. Complementary therapies can include herbs, vitamins and minerals that support the thyroid.
Hyperthyroidism
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Hyperthyroidism, a serious condition in which the thyroid produces too many hormones, is not common in dogs, and thyroid cancer is its most common cause. Hyperthyroidism symptoms include increased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, increased urination, weakness, increased heart rate, shortness of breath and anxiety.
If the veterinarian suspects hyperthyroidism, tests that measure blood levels of thyroid hormones help a great deal in making a diagnosis. By feeling the thyroid area of the neck, the veterinarian also can get a good idea of whether hyperthyroidism exists. If the dog does have hyperthyroidism, treatment can involve medications; in more severe situations, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation are sometimes necessary.
Thyroid Cancer
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Fortunately, thyroid cancer in dogs is not very common, but because it can occur, it is important to be aware of potential symptoms. These include thyroid gland enlargement, weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness and increased urination. The veterinarian typically uses a tissue biopsy to diagnose thyroid cancer.
Treatment for thyroid cancer sometimes involves radiation, chemotherapy or removing the diseased part of the thyroid gland. When part of the thyroid has been removed, the dog must then receive daily thyroid medication for the rest of his life to replace the hormones that his own thyroid no longer makes. As is so often the case with cancer, early detection and treatment are key to the dog's prognosis for recovery.
Breeds, Ages
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Dogs are more prone to thyroid disorders if they are within a certain age range (between 4 and 10 years old) and if they are particular breeds. These breeds include the golden retriever, Labrador retriever, Doberman pinscher, beagle, boxer and cocker spaniel. Also, large dogs are more likely than smaller ones to develop thyroid disorders.
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