Seizures are a very common condition in dogs. Idiopathic epilepsy is the most common cause of seizures in dogs both young and old. Idiopathic epilepsy means that a cause of seizures has not yet been determined. Idiopathic epilepsy occurs in 0.5 percent to 5.7 percent of all dogs.
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Identification
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Seizures are convulsions that can occur in dogs that may result in the rigidity of the limbs and loss of consciousness. Seizures are the result of sudden and uncontrolled neurological activity in the dog's brain. These neurons fire uncontrollably, spread from the brain to the rest of the dog's body and cause generalized convulsions.
Symptoms
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Seizures cause symptoms such as nervousness (before the seizure), loss of consciousness, clenching the teeth, excessive salivation, uncontrolled urination and uncontrolled defecation. When the seizure subsides and the dog begins to recover, the post-ictal phase begins. This phase usually lasts for less than one hour in young dogs, although it may last for as many as two days. During this phase, dogs often sleep, pant and seem to be disoriented. Young dogs that have repeated seizures within a short period of time may require emergency medical treatment.
Causes
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The causes of seizures in young canines may be the result of a metabolic disorder. One metabolic disorder that occurs in young dogs is high ammonia levels that can be the result of liver disease. Young puppies infested with parasites may experience seizures as a result of hypercalcemia (increased calcium in the body) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Young dogs are notorious for ingesting unknown substances making poisoning a common cause of seizures in these dogs. Products such as pesticides and rat poisons are often left within easy reach of a young dog and may cause seizures if consumed. Diseases, such as canine distemper, are another cause of seizures in puppies.
Diagnosis
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While there are many possible causes of seizures in young dogs, the true cause of seizures may remain unknown. Idiopathic epilepsy is the term most veterinarians use if no other underlying medical cause of seizures can be found. After a full physical examination of the dog, the veterinarian may perform diagnostic tests such as a CBC (complete blood count), a chemistry profile and a urinalysis. An EEG may also be performed to measure the dog's brain activity as well as an MRI to detect brain abnormalities such as a tumor.
Risk Factors
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Certain dogs breeds have an increased risk of developing seizures. According to canine-epilepsy.com, German shepherds, Belgian tervurens, Keeshondens, Beagles and Dachshunds have a genetic pre-disposition to seizure disorders. Other breeds with a high incidence of seizures but have no proven genetic link include Poodles, Saint Bernards, Irish setters, Siberian huskies, Cocker spaniels, Wire-haired terriers, Labrador retrievers and Golden retrievers.
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