While bad behavior in dogs can be attributed to a number of circumstances or conditions, separation anxiety occurs when a dog experiences stress or shows sign of panic when separated from its owner. Dogs may become destructive, chewing, digging, scratching (especially at doors and windows in an attempt to follow the owner), urinating, defecating and barking. In some cases, interactive toys and additional training can help, but in more severe situations, anti-anxiety or calming drugs, like melatonin, may be prescribed.
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Causes
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It's unclear as to why, but some breeds of dogs are simply more prone to separation anxiety than others. Although it was once thought that the condition was more common in dogs with highly attentive owners, the Merck Veterinary Manual says this is no more than a common myth. Other cases can stem from re-homing, abandonment, being left for the first time when accustomed to constant companionship, time at a shelter or kennel, change in routine, loss of a human family member or other pet, or being taken from the mother too early.
Melatonin Function
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In humans, melatonin is commonly used to treat sleep disorders. It's a hormone produced in the brain, stimulated by darkness, and levels are highest just before bedtime. Although it has been tested for treatment of anxiety in humans, the Mayo Clinic reports that results have been mixed and further study would be the only way to confirm positive outcomes.
Melatonin Treatment
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In dogs, melatonin's ability to cause drowsiness counteracts manic behavior and administering it just before leaving allows the dog to sleep while owners are away. It is available over the counter and can be found with vitamins and supplements at the local pharmacy. Dosage should be discussed with a veterinarian familiar with the dog's medical history and symptoms.
Alternatives
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Other prescription medications formulated for dog anxiety and depression are available from veterinarians. Non-pharmaceutical options include leaving your dog with a friend or doggie daycare organization during the day, or if possible, taking the dog to work with you. If you must leave him or her at home, dirty laundry that smells like you, like a T-shirt you've slept in, can be a comfort to your dog during the hours you're away. Try to leave and come home quietly; do not make a dramatic or noisy entrance or exit, and do not greet your dog with marked excitement and pampering.
Considerations
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Your dog isn't punishing you for leaving him or her all day long, and punishment from you for strewing trash through the house or chewing up the window ledge isn't going to curb the destructive behavior. On the other hand, don't feel guilty and shower the dog with attention. Crating your dog may not help, either. Combining separation anxiety and unsuccessful crate training means the dog will just urinate, defecate and howl inside the crate. Combining proper training and, if necessary, a drug like melatonin will calm the dog and improve or eliminate the feelings of distress and subsequent behavior.
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