Lymphoma accounts for up to 20 percent of all canine cancers, making it one of the most common cancers affecting canine companions. Lymphoma, also known as lymphosarcoma, most often occurs in dogs who are middle aged and older, though it may affect any dog, of any breed, at any age. Fortunately, steroids, when used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, can help treat canine lymphoma.
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Identification
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Lymphoma specifically affects the lymphatic system in canines. The lymphatic system is part of the canine immune system and its tissues can be found in the spleen, the liver, skin, the lymph nodes and the gastrointestinal tract. It can also be found in the nervous system and in the bone marrow. Currently, it is unknown how or why canine lymphoma occurs, though environmental factors may contribute to its occurrence.
Symptoms
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Swelling of the lymph nodes―either behind the knees, the shoulders or on the neck―is one of the most common symptoms. However, not all dogs will display this symptom, as many lymph nodes are located within the chest cavity and cannot be felt or seen. Some dogs will experience non-specific symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea. Meanwhile, other dogs may suffer from symptoms such as lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, changes in drinking and urination habits or changes in the physical appearance of the skin.
Diagnosis
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Once lymphoma is suspected, the affected dog will undergo tests to determine the platelet and other blood cell counts, along with kidney function. There will also be X-rays or ultrasounds to locate the lymphatic tumors and to determine what stage of lymphoma the dog has entered. There are five stages of lymphoma, depending on the severity of the cancer, along with two substages that are determined by whether the dog is experiencing symptoms.
Treatment Options: Steroids
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Prednisone, along with other steroids and corticosteroids, can be used as a chemotherapy drug in canine lymphoma patients. Specifically, these steroids work to suppress the immune system, mast cells and lymphocytes―which are a type of white blood cell. These chemotherapeutic medications often also contain anti-inflammatory properties, making them beneficial in reducing swelling and pain while they work to fight off the canine lymphoma. Steroids are also beneficial in improving the overall quality of life for a canine cancer patient by improving the dog's appetite and thirst, and also by reducing stress.
Prognosis
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While steroids, such as prednisone, can be beneficial in improving the overall quality of life for the dog, they do not greatly improve the lifespan of a dog when used alone. Chemotherapeutic drugs should be combined with other cancer treatments for the highest level of effectiveness. Dogs with lymphoma who receive a multitreatment approach will live several months longer to several years longer, in comparison to dogs who receive only steroids or no treatment at all―giving them an expected four to six-week lifespan.
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