Calcium oxalate crystals are a type of bladder stone that can affect both male and female dogs, though more than 70 percent of dogs affected are male. These stones can form for a variety of reasons including excessive calcium intake, high levels of calcium in the blood or certain medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. Symptoms of calcium oxalate crystals in canines include painful urination, frequent urination accompanied by decreased amounts of urine being passed, blood urine or a total lack of urination.
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Cystotomy
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Cystotomy is the term for surgical removal of canine bladder stones. In a cystotomy, a small incision is made in the abdomen, followed by lifting the bladder out. Another incision is made and the stones are removed, followed by the bladder and urethra being flushed out using a sterile saline solution. This is done to remove any smaller stones or microscopic stones that are still present or currently forming. Then, the bladder is sutured shut, followed by the abdomen.
Urohydropulsion
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Urohydropulsion is a technique in which a catheter is used to remove the stones. In this case, the catheter is inserted into the urethra and then a sterile saline solution is gently pumped into the bladder. The veterinarian will then gently press down on the canine's bladder, thus flushing out the stones. However, urohydropropulsion can only remove stones that are located in the lower portion of the urinary tract and are five millimeters or smaller in diameter.
Antibiotics
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In some cases, the stones can cause damage to the interior of the bladder or the stones can occur due to a bladder infection. In either case, antibiotics will be prescribed to treat the infection.
Lithotripsy
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Lithotripsy is a new technique that is performed at specialized referral centers and is not currently available in many states. In lithotripsy, the stones are broken down using shock waves while the dog is under general anesthesia. This technique requires special equipment and expertise to be performed properly.
Fluid Therapy
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In combination with any of the above-mentioned treatments, fluid therapy may be necessary to replace the affected dog's bodily fluids. This usually is necessary from dogs who are suffering from kidney disease, a urinary obstruction or dehydration.
Warning
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If urination ceases, it is a sign that blockage has occurred. Blockage is a life-threatening situation that requires immediate veterinary attention. Without immediate action, the affected dog's kidneys can shut down and death can quickly occur.
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