The liver secretes enzymes that aid a dog's body in metabolizing fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Elevated levels of these enzymes may indicate liver failure; however, they can be indicative of other diseases as well.
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ALT/AST
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There are two main enzymes that are measured when liver problems are suspected; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). These enzymes become elevated when liver cells are damaged or killed.
Symptoms
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Elevated liver enzymes cause lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. You may notice an increase in water consumption and urination as well as an enlarged abdomen and jaundiced appearance.
Causes
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Elevated liver enzymes may be caused by a primary liver problem, such as liver failure, infection, tumors, trauma, toxins or a congenital abnormality. Enzymes may also be elevated from heart disease, pancreatitis, anemia and cancer.
Diagnosis
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Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination, blood count, serum chemistry panel and urinalysis. X-rays, ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed.
Treatment
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Treatment is based on the cause of the problem and may include supportive therapy such as IV fluids, antibiotics, specially formulated diets and nutritional supplements.
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