Seizures are caused by a misfiring of neurons in the brain that lead to uncontrollable muscle spasms and loss of body control. Medications designed to treat seizures are aimed at limiting the frequency of seizure activity, the severity of the seizure and post-seizure complications.
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Phenobarbital
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Phenobarbital is the most commonly prescribed seizure medication due to its cost and effectiveness. Side effects include excessive hunger, thirst and urination, lethargy, ataxia (hind leg weakness) and liver problems.
Potassium Bromide
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Historically, potassium bromide has been used in conjunction with Phenobarbital, however, it is now being used as a first-line medication. Side effects are the same as Phenobarbital, though potassium bromide does not cause liver problems. Potassium bromide has been linked to pancreatitis and megaesophogus, both life-threatening conditions.
Gabapentin
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Gabapentin is used to treat some focal seizures in dogs, however, it is expensive and requires frequent dosing. Gabapentin may cause liver damage, but other side effects are minimal.
Felbamate
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Felbamate has been effective in controlling partial seizures in dogs. Felbamate is expensive and requires frequent dosing. Side effects in dogs are unknown.
Primidone
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Primidone and Phenobarbital are very similar. Primidone has a greater risk of liver problems so it is less frequently prescribed, however, common side effects are the same as Phenobarbital.
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