Dogs not only can't tell us when and where they're hurting, they often hide pain symptoms very well. Some symptoms can be confusing---a dog who constantly scratches herself may merely be itchy, or she might be hurting. Knowing your dog is the best way of recognising uncharacteristic behaviors as symptoms of pain, even when she is masking them.
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Function Served by Pain Symptoms
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There is an evolutionary reason for dogs hiding pain. Dogs are pack animals, descended from wolves. A wolf cub in pain or distress is very vocal about alerting his dam because she will naturally come to his aid. However, an adult sick or injured wolf is a liability to pack strength and is at risk for being abandoned or killed. Our dogs often retain these same instincts for self preservation.
If you're familiar with your dog's character and habits, you'll be able to spot subtle pain symptoms much more quickly. Some dogs are more like puppies: they will whine, limp and come to you for comfort when they are hurting. Others will act more like an adult wolf, withdrawing and masking signs of pain. Just because a dog isn't showing obvious signs doesn't necessarily mean he isn't in pain.
Limping and Changes in Mobility
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Arthritis, dysplasia and joint problems are very common in dogs. Obvious signs of joint or muscle pain are limping, holding a paw or leg up in the air, difficulty in getting up or lying down or any change in gait. A dog who is limping might be stoic and play, run and otherwise behave as usual. However, if she's limping, it's because she's in pain.
It can be difficult to tell which leg is affected if a dog is limping or moving unusually. It may not be the foot or leg at all. Pain in the back, shoulder, neck and hip can also make a dog limp.
Changes in Appetite
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Dogs who are in pain will often lose their appetite. While missing a single meal is not a cause for concern, any sudden, sustained loss of appetite warrants a visit to your veterinarian. If the loss in appetite is accompanied by increased thirst and urination, it could be a painful kidney stone or other kidney problems.
Behavioral Changes
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A normally easy-going, friendly dog who suddenly starts growling, snapping or is reluctant to be petted or picked up may be hurting. Some dogs become very stressed by pain and will pant excessively, become restless or act depressed. Don't ignore uncharacteristic behavior for long. It's usually due to a medical problem.
Lick, Scratch, and Bite
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A dog who starts licking, scratching or chewing herself may simply have fleas or a skin rash. However, if you notice she is paying attention to a particular part of her body like a joint or paw, it could be because she's trying to relieve pain or discomfort.
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