The kidneys are primarily responsible for removing metabolic waste products from the dog's blood. Normal functioning kidneys would consequently excrete these products in the urine. When a dog's kidneys fail, the dog's body is no longer capable of removing such waste. The consequence is that such waste products remain in the dog's body creating a series of serious problems that may ultimately lead to uremic poisoning.
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Definition
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Kidney failure takes place in dogs when their kidneys are no longer capable of functioning properly. This debilitating condition is typically found in older dogs and can affect any breed. The average age in which a dog is diagnosed with kidney failure is approximately 7 years old in large dogs and approximately 10 to 14 years old in small dogs; however, generally dogs of any age may be affected.
Symptoms
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Because the kidneys are no longer able to filter and remove waste products, urine will no longer be concentrated but will appear rather diluted and quite abundant. The dog will often compensate by drinking more because of the amount of fluid loss. As the condition advances and the waste products build up, dogs may become increasingly lethargic, less interested in food and may have episodes of weakness, vomiting, diarrhea and bad breath. These are generally signs of uremic poisoning.
Presentation
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Upon having the dog undergo physical examination, most veterinarians will notice as well the following signs typically indicative of kidney failure: pale gums suggesting anemia, offensive breath due to the accumulation of waste products, the typical enlarged abdomen due to fluids, loose skin over the back and shoulder blades suggesting dehydration, mouth ulcers and, at times, swollen limbs due to fluid retention.
Diagnosis
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After having the dog undergo a physical examination, the veterinarian will run a series of exams. Blood work will be able to report the presence of two distinct waste products: blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. A urinalysis may be another important test to run in order to determine the correct functioning of the kidneys. Several other tests may be carried out to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of renal failure.
Prognosis
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Generally, the earlier the dog is given supportive care, the better the prognosis. While there is no cure for renal failure, dogs treated at its earliest stages may live for up to 4 years. It is difficult to predict how long a dog in renal failure may live; however, by observing its response to initial treatment and by providing longterm supportive care, dogs may be able to still enjoy several months or years of life.
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