The Maltese, a highly active, animated toy breed of dog is particularly predisposed to knee joint problems. Whether a genetic issue or a result of this little dog's hyperactivity, patellar dislocation, or luxation, is its most common knee injury and can be painful for the dog and costly for the owner.
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Function
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The knee joint in a Maltese is the largest joint in its body and carries most of the body weight. The patella, or kneecap, resides in a groove at the bottom of the large leg bone called the femur, and ligaments and tendons hold the femur, the patella and the tibia (the shinbone) together. Made to bend in only one direction, when any of the elements of the knee become dysfunctional, the Maltese may start limping and showing signs of pain.
Types
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Patellar luxation is the most common type of knee problem found in the Maltese dog. A dislocation of the patella from the groove where it normally resides, this particular injury usually does not involve the attendant tendons or ligaments. In a small breed dog such as the Maltese, the displacement usually will occur medially to the inside of the leg or laterally to the outside of the leg. These little dogs will often show a skipping kind of lameness, which may become more frequent as they age.
Diagnosis
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A veterinarian will usually use a series of X-rays and flexation tests to diagnose patellar luxation in the dog. In particular, he is looking for any kind of anatomic deformity or displacement of the kneecap. A vet may also palpate the dog's joint and patella to physically feel of the patella is displaced. With an acute traumatic patellar injury, the veterinarian may recommend an MRI of the Maltese's knee joint to help determine treatment.
Prevention/Solution
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Most luxations in the Maltese occur early in life and are not the result of trauma. Because luxations are often caused by a congenital deformity or physical predisposition, veterinarians usually suggest that the young Maltese dog get plenty of exercise and not be allowed to become overweight, which can strain the joint. A high-fiber, low-carbohydrate diet may be recommended and a glucosamine/chondroitin supplement added the food to enhance joint function. Treatment of patellar luxation usually requires surgical stabilization of the knee. After removing any kind of damaged tissue, the veterinarian will then secure the parts of the damaged joint to prevent further slippage. A supportive bandage may be placed over the knee, and vets will usually prescribe some kind of pain and anti-inflammatory medication. Exercise and jumping will need to be limited for several weeks, and vets may recommend some kind of physical therapy.
Considerations
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A Maltese dog with patellar problems may not show signs of pain until the disease becomes fairly well advanced. Unfortunately, knee problems in younger dogs usually result in some kind of degenerative bone disease such in older dogs.
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