Here's a breakdown:
Natural Predators:
* Great White Sharks: These are a threat in areas where they overlap, but primarily to pups and young seals.
* Orcas (Killer Whales): Orcas are known to prey on seals, but they're not a common threat to adult gray seals.
* Polar Bears: In the Arctic, where polar bears are present, they can be a threat to gray seals.
Human Impacts:
* Fishing Gear Entanglement: Gray seals can become entangled in fishing nets, often leading to injury or death.
* Habitat Loss and Disturbance: Coastal development and disturbance from human activities can impact breeding colonies and foraging grounds.
* Hunting and Poaching: Though less common now, in the past, seals were hunted for their fur and meat, which has significantly reduced their populations in some areas.
Other Factors:
* Disease: Gray seals are susceptible to various diseases, including infections and parasites.
* Climate Change: Climate change can affect food availability and habitat suitability, posing a potential long-term threat.
Overall, while gray seals have some natural predators, the most significant threats they face are human-related. Efforts to protect their habitat, reduce bycatch in fisheries, and manage coastal development are crucial for their survival.