1. Other animals:
* Conspecifics (other dogs): Dogs interact with other dogs for social reasons, such as playing, mating, or establishing dominance.
* Prey animals: Depending on their breed and training, dogs may hunt or chase prey animals like squirrels, rabbits, or birds.
* Competitors: Dogs may compete with other animals for resources such as food, water, or territory.
* Parasites: Dogs can be infected by internal and external parasites like fleas, ticks, heartworms, and roundworms.
* Commensal organisms: Some organisms, like certain types of bacteria, live on or in dogs without causing harm.
2. Plants:
* Food sources: Dogs may eat fruits, vegetables, or grasses, especially if they are foraging or have a diet that includes plant-based ingredients.
* Shelter: Dogs may use plants for shade or shelter, especially in hot climates.
* Medical uses: Some plants have medicinal properties that can be used to treat dog ailments.
3. Microorganisms:
* Bacteria: Dogs are host to various bacteria, some beneficial and some harmful, living on their skin, in their gut, and in their environment.
* Viruses: Dogs can be infected by viruses, such as rabies, distemper, and parvovirus.
* Fungi: Dogs can be affected by fungal infections, such as ringworm.
4. Humans:
* Companionship: Humans provide companionship, socialization, and care for their dogs.
* Food and shelter: Humans provide dogs with food, water, and shelter.
* Training and socialization: Humans train dogs and socialize them to interact with other dogs and humans.
* Medical care: Humans provide medical care for dogs, including vaccinations, medication, and treatments for diseases and injuries.
These are just some examples of the many biotic factors that dogs interact with. The specific biotic factors that a dog encounters will vary depending on its breed, environment, and lifestyle.