1. Avian Predators:
- Gulls: Various species of gulls, including herring gulls and great black-backed gulls, are known predators of piping plover eggs, chicks, and adults.
- Crows and Ravens: These intelligent birds can raid piping plover nests, consuming both eggs and chicks.
2. Mammalian Predators:
- Raccoons: These mammals are skilled climbers and can access piping plover nests located on higher ground.
- Red Fox: Red foxes are opportunistic predators known to prey on piping plover nests, especially those on sandy beaches.
- Skunks: Skunks can disturb and raid piping plover nests, leading to egg or chick loss.
- Feral cats and domestic dogs: These predators pose threats to piping plovers, particularly in areas where human development and recreation occur near nesting sites.
3. Reptilian Predators:
- Snapping turtles: These semi-aquatic turtles can consume piping plover eggs and chicks near water bodies.
4. Fish Predators:
- Large Fish Species: Some larger fish species, such as striped bass and bluefish, may prey on piping plover chicks and adults that venture near the water's edge.
It's important to note that the impact of predators on piping plover populations varies depending on the region, habitat conditions, and conservation measures in place. Conservation efforts often involve nest protection, predator control, and habitat management to reduce predation and enhance the survival of this threatened shorebird.