Other animals: Leopard seals, killer whales, fur seals, and sharks are some of the natural predators of penguins. These animals prey on penguins in the water, where penguins are less agile and vulnerable to attack.
Human activities: Human activities such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change can also harm penguins and their habitats. Overfishing reduces the availability of food for penguins, while pollution and climate change can destroy their breeding grounds and disrupt their food chains.
Habitat destruction: The destruction of penguin habitats due to human activities such as urbanization, mining, and tourism can also have a negative impact on penguin populations.