- Scientific Name: Aptenodytes forsteri
- Size: Largest living species of penguin, standing 3.5 feet tall and weighing up to 99 pounds
- Habitat: Antarctica, along coastline and sea ice
- Climate Adaptation:
- Exceptional fat reserves (2–3 inches thick)
- Huddle together in large groups for warmth (emperor huddles)
- Can withstand harsh Antarctic winds and temperatures below -40°F (-40°C)
- Diet: Primarily fish, squid, and krill
- Breeding:
- Monogamous; pairs mate every year
- Single egg incubated by male during winter while the female forages
- Conservation Status: Near threatened due to habitat loss and reduced sea ice caused by climate change
Penguins (General):
- Scientific Name: Order Sphenisciformes, includes emperor penguins and 17 other penguin species
- Habitat: Mostly southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South Africa, South America, Australia, New Zealand
- Climate Adaptation:
- Feathers provide insulation and waterproofing
- Countercurrent heat exchange system: heat from arteries warms cold venous blood
- Layered fat for insulation
- Diet: Varies depending on species, typically includes fish, squid, krill, and crustaceans
- Breeding:
- Most are territorial and breed in colonies
- Many are monogamous, but some species practice polygamy
- Eggs incubated by both parents, except in emperor penguins
- Conservation Status:
- Varies among species, with some like the emperor penguin considered near threatened, others endangered or vulnerable, while others are considered stable or of least concern