1. Raptors (Birds of Prey):
- Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja): The harpy eagle, a powerful and large raptor, poses a significant threat to keel-billed toucans. Due to their substantial wingspans and talons, harpy eagles can capture and prey on these birds.
- Great Black Hawk (Buteogallus urubitinga): Larger hawks, such as the great black hawk, have been observed hunting and preying upon keel-billed toucans.
2. Snakes:
- Boa Constrictors (Boa constrictor): Boa constrictors, as ambush predators, lie in wait for their prey and kill them by wrapping around their bodies, causing suffocation and restricting their movements.
- Green Anacondas (Eunectes murinus): Green anacondas, known for their massive size, can potentially target and prey on keel-billed toucans.
3. Large Carnivorous Mammals:
- Jaguars (Panthera onca): Jaguars, as opportunistic predators, have been known to hunt and prey upon various species of toucans, including the keel-billed toucan.
- Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis): Ocelots, smaller than jaguars, have exhibited predatory behavior towards toucans, including the keel-billed species.
4. Other Bird Predators:
- Great Curassow (Crax rubra): Great curassows, despite being herbivorous, have been identified as predators that steal and eat the eggs and young chicks of keel-billed toucans.
It's important to note that variations in habitat locations may result in different predators. The presence and abundance of predators can influence the behavior and distribution of keel-billed toucans within their natural ecosystems.