The maximum range of echolocation is limited by several factors, including the frequency of the sound waves, the size and complexity of the objects being detected, and the amount of background noise. Higher frequency sound waves have a shorter wavelength and provide better resolution, but they also attenuate more quickly in the air, limiting their range. Objects with complex shapes or multiple surfaces, such as trees, can be more difficult to detect than simple objects, such as insects. Background noise, such as wind or rain, can interfere with the bats' ability to detect echoes.
Despite these limitations, echolocation is a remarkably effective sense that allows bats to navigate in darkness and hunt for prey. By emitting high-frequency sounds and analyzing the returning echoes, bats can build a detailed mental map of their surroundings and locate objects with great precision.