* Wild red deer:
* Average lifespan: 10-14 years
* Maximum lifespan: 20-25 years (rare)
* Captive red deer:
* Average lifespan: 15-20 years
* Maximum lifespan: 30 years or more
Factors affecting lifespan:
* Predation: Red deer are prey animals and are vulnerable to predators like wolves, bears, and lynx.
* Disease: Infectious diseases can significantly impact their lifespan.
* Habitat quality: Poor habitat with limited food and shelter can shorten their lives.
* Hunting: Human hunting pressure can impact populations.
Note: These are just general estimates. Individual red deer can live longer or shorter lives depending on a variety of factors.