Predators:
* Humans: This is arguably the biggest threat to wolves, due to habitat loss, hunting, and conflict with livestock.
* Bears: Larger bears, like grizzlies and brown bears, can prey on wolf pups or even adults.
* Larger Wolves: Wolves, especially in dense packs, can be aggressive towards weaker or lone wolves.
* Cougar (Mountain Lion): Cougs are formidable predators that can take down even adult wolves, especially if they are young or injured.
Competitors:
* Coyotes: Wolves and coyotes compete for territory and prey, sometimes engaging in deadly fights.
* Other Wolf Packs: Competition for territory can be fierce, leading to territorial disputes between packs.
Diseases and Parasites:
* Rabies: Can be fatal to wolves, especially if they are young or weak.
* Parvovirus: A highly contagious virus that can be deadly to pups.
* Mange: A parasitic skin disease that can cause severe itching, hair loss, and weakness.
* Internal parasites: Various worms and other parasites can weaken wolves and make them susceptible to other threats.
Environmental Threats:
* Climate Change: Changes in weather patterns, prey availability, and habitat can impact wolf populations.
* Habitat Loss: As human development encroaches on wolf territory, it reduces their access to resources and increases the risk of conflict.
* Road Collisions: Wolves are often killed by vehicles, especially in areas with high traffic.
Other:
* Starvation: Wolves can starve if they are unable to find enough prey, especially in harsh winters or during periods of prey scarcity.
* Severe Weather: Storms, floods, and extreme temperatures can pose threats to wolves, especially pups.
It's important to note that the specific enemies a wolf faces will vary depending on its location and the local ecosystem.