Predators:
* Wolves: Wolves are a major predator of white-tailed deer, especially in areas where their populations overlap.
* Coyotes: Coyotes are opportunistic predators that will prey on deer, especially fawns.
* Mountain Lions: Mountain lions are also known to hunt deer, but their range is more limited.
* Bobcats: Bobcats are smaller than mountain lions, but they are still capable of taking down adult deer, especially fawns.
* Bears: Black bears are opportunistic omnivores and will eat deer carcasses, and sometimes even hunt live deer, particularly fawns.
* Alligators: In the southeastern United States, alligators can pose a threat to deer that venture near water.
Other Threats:
* Humans: Human activities such as hunting, habitat destruction, and vehicle collisions can significantly impact white-tailed deer populations.
* Disease: Deer can be susceptible to a variety of diseases, including chronic wasting disease, Lyme disease, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease.
* Parasites: Deer can be infected with a variety of parasites, such as ticks, mites, and intestinal worms.
Competition:
* Other deer: White-tailed deer compete with other deer for food, water, and space.
* Other herbivores: Deer may compete with other herbivores, such as elk, moose, and rabbits, for resources.
It's important to note that the specific threats faced by white-tailed deer can vary depending on their location and the specific environment they inhabit.