Mutualism:
* Wolves and other scavengers: Wolves are apex predators, meaning they hunt and kill their prey. This leaves behind carcasses that are then scavenged by other animals like ravens, foxes, and coyotes. This is beneficial to both parties; the scavengers get a meal, and the wolves don't have to compete for the carcass.
* Wolves and ungulate populations: While wolves prey on ungulates (deer, elk, etc.), their presence can also benefit the prey population. By selectively hunting the weak and sick, wolves can help to keep the ungulate population healthy and strong.
Commensalism:
* Wolves and forest ecosystems: Wolves can play a role in forest regeneration by helping to disperse seeds through their droppings. They can also help to control ungulate populations, which can prevent overgrazing and allow for the growth of diverse plant species.
Parasitism:
* Wolves and parasites: Wolves are hosts to various parasites, such as ticks, fleas, and worms. These parasites benefit from the wolves but can cause harm to them.
It's important to note that while wolves do participate in symbiotic relationships, their role as apex predators often means they have a significant impact on the ecosystem. Their presence can have both positive and negative effects on other species.