Here are some factors that can influence a gray wolf's lifespan:
* Habitat and prey availability: Wolves in areas with abundant prey and good habitat generally live longer than those in areas with limited resources.
* Disease and parasites: Disease and parasites can significantly shorten a wolf's life.
* Human activity: Hunting, trapping, and habitat destruction can impact wolf populations and lifespan.
* Competition and predation: Competition for food and territory, as well as predation from bears or other large carnivores, can also reduce wolf lifespan.
In captivity, gray wolves can live even longer, with some reaching 15 to 20 years of age. This is likely due to better nutrition, healthcare, and protection from predators and disease.