Here are some factors that can affect their lifespan:
* Habitat: Wolves in areas with abundant prey and less human disturbance tend to live longer.
* Disease: Parvovirus, rabies, and other diseases can shorten a wolf's lifespan.
* Predation: Wolves can be preyed upon by bears, cougars, and other large predators.
* Hunting and trapping: Human activities like hunting and trapping can significantly impact wolf populations.
* Competition: Wolves compete with other predators for food and territory, which can limit their lifespan.
It's important to note that these are just general estimates, and individual wolves can live much longer or shorter depending on their circumstances.