Endangered Populations & Species of Gray Wolves

Wolves are the largest members of the canine family; the most widespread land mammals and ancestors of the domestic dog. Of the four species, the North American Gray Wolf (Canis lupis) --- aka the timber wolf --- has the highest numbers in existence. As predators, wolves are an essential part of the ecosystem. They are deeply feared and drastically misunderstood, which leads to threats to their survival. The U.S. Government states the species has made a drastic recovery since its near extinction in 1974. As a result of its protection, the population of gray wolves has grown to 1,651 across the Rocky Mountain region.

  1. Conservation and Outlook

    • Beginning in 1974, gray wolves gained federal protection after being placed on the endangered species list. As of May 4, 2011, the Obama administration announced that protection for 5,500 gray wolves in eight states in the Northern Rockies and Great Lakes has been lifted. Their removal from the list results in states initiating management and control of the animals. Hunting will resume in Montana, Idaho, parts of Utah, Oregon and Washington. Wolves in Wyoming will remain under federal protection until a management plan is formulated. According to the U.S. Department of Interior, gray wolves have recovered to healthy levels and are no longer in need of federal protection. State management plans will be focused instead on ensuring the long-term health of the species.

    Threats

    • Gray wolves experience significant conflict with ranchers over cattle loss. Although they infrequently prey on livestock, those that do are killed and the incidents typically receive high media exposure. Hunters consider wolves to be competition for big game, such as deer and elk. The effect is an increase in hunting of the animals to reduce their populations and manage the areas they inhabit. Human intrusion results in substantial habitat loss and the species they hunt for food.

    Ecosystem Balance

    • The balance of the ecosystem is dependent on gray wolves as predators. They maintain ecological stability by naturally thinning populations of beavers, rabbits, moose, caribou, deer and elk. Gray wolves prey specifically on weak animals, enabling herds to become healthier and stronger. According to Animal Fact Guide.com, it seems they facilitate the prevention of chronic wasting disease, a contagious neurological disease in deer.

    Communication and Behavior

    • Gray wolves have complex methods of communication, including body language and howling, as well as a keen sense of smell. Sounds vary from barking and whining to growling and howling. Howling is their preferred method of "speaking" and is used to express pleasure, organize the pack, convey messages to other packs and also as a way of establishing a pack's territorial claims. Gray wolves' howls can be heard up to 120 miles away. The animals also use their tails and specific facial expressions to reveal their emotions and signify their status in the pack. Highly social, gray wolves develop deep affection and strong familial bonds, even sacrificing themselves to protect family members.