- Other large predators: Including brown bears (Ursus arctos), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), and cougars (Puma concolor). These animals can compete with wolves for food and territory, and may occasionally prey on wolf pups.
- Humans: Wolves are sometimes hunted for sport, fur, or as a means of population control.
- Disease: Wolves can be susceptible to various diseases, including canine distemper, rabies, and mange. These diseases can spread among wolf packs and weaken or kill individual animals.
- Habitat loss and fragmentation: As human populations expand, the natural habitats of wolves are being fragmented and destroyed. This can make it difficult for wolves to find food and mates, and can lead to population declines.