* Increased vocalization: Wolves may vocalize more frequently, especially with high-pitched barks or howls. This can be a sign of anxiety, fear, or frustration.
* Restlessness: Wolves may be unable to settle down or stay in one place for very long. They may pace, circle, or constantly change positions.
* Reduced activity: Wolves may become withdrawn from activities that they usually enjoy, such as playing or hunting.
* Changes in appetite: Wolves may eat less or more than usual. They may also be more likely to eat their prey in an agitated or sloppy way.
* Self-mutilation: Wolves may lick, scratch, or bite themselves excessively. This can be a sign of severe stress or anxiety.
* Increased heart rate and respiratory rate: Wolves may have a faster heartbeat and respiration rate when they are stressed.
* Dilated pupils: Wolves' pupils may dilate when they are feeling threatened or stressed.
* Tail tucked between legs: A wolf with its tail tucked between its legs is showing submission or fear.
* Ears flattened against the head: A wolf with its ears flattened against its head is feeling threatened or aggressive.
* Hunched posture: A wolf with a hunched posture is showing submission or fear.
* Yawning: Yawning can be a sign of stress, especially if it occurs frequently.
* Head shaking: Head shaking can be a sign of stress or anxiety.
* Eye contact: Prolonged eye contact can be a sign of aggression or dominance.
It is important to note that not all wolves will display the same signs of stress. Some wolves may be more expressive than others, and some may be better at hiding their stress.