- With ravens: Gray wolves and ravens have a mutualistic relationship. Ravens follow wolf packs and feed on the carcasses of prey that the wolves kill. In return, the ravens alert the wolves to the presence of danger and help them find prey.
Commensalism:
- With coyotes: Gray wolves and coyotes are competitors for food and habitat, but they sometimes cooperate to hunt large prey. Coyotes benefit from the wolves' hunting skills, and the wolves benefit from the coyotes' speed and agility.
Amensalism:
- With elk: Gray wolves prey on elk, and elk avoid areas where wolves are present. This relationship is amensal for the elk and negative for the wolves as it reduces their food availability.
Competition
- With bears: Gray wolves and bears are competitors for food and habitat. Wolves and bears often avoid each other, but they may fight if they come into contact.