1. Grains:
* Corn: The most common concentrate, providing energy, protein, and essential amino acids.
* Sorghum: A good alternative to corn, especially in drier regions.
* Barley: Provides good energy and protein but lower in digestibility than corn.
* Oats: Higher in fiber and protein than corn, often used for breeding cattle.
* Wheat: Offers good energy and protein, but can be high in fiber and low in digestibility.
* Milo: Similar to sorghum, used in areas where corn is not as well-suited.
2. By-products:
* Distillers Grains: A high-protein by-product of ethanol production, offering good energy and protein.
* Soybean Meal: The most common protein source, high in protein and essential amino acids.
* Cottonseed Meal: Another protein source, but lower in digestibility than soybean meal.
* Wheat Middlings: A by-product of wheat milling, providing energy and protein.
* Brewer's Grains: A by-product of beer production, high in fiber and protein.
3. Other Concentrates:
* Molasses: A sugary syrup providing energy and palatability.
* Urea: A non-protein nitrogen source that can be converted into protein by rumen microbes.
* Fat: Provides energy and can improve feed palatability.
* Minerals and Vitamins: Supplements to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients.
Factors influencing concentrate choice:
* Availability and cost: Availability and price are key considerations.
* Nutritional needs: Specific needs of the cattle, such as age, stage of production, and desired growth rate.
* Digestibility: Some feeds are more digestible than others.
* Palatability: Cattle need to find the feed appealing.
* Rumen health: Certain feeds can impact rumen function.
Note: The specific blend of concentrates used in a cattle feed will vary depending on individual farm needs and available resources. It's essential to consult with a nutritionist or feed expert for recommendations on formulating balanced and efficient rations.