Predators:
* Wolves: Wolves are a major predator of elk, especially in areas where they co-exist.
* Bears: Both black bears and grizzly bears will prey on elk, especially calves and the elderly or injured.
* Mountain lions: Mountain lions are also known to hunt elk, particularly smaller individuals.
* Coyotes: While not the primary predator, coyotes will take down young elk or weak individuals.
Competitors for Food and Resources:
* Deer: Elk and deer compete for food resources, especially in areas where their ranges overlap.
* Bison: Elk and bison may compete for grazing areas, especially in areas where both species are abundant.
Symbiotic Relationships:
* Birds: Birds like magpies and ravens can sometimes follow elk, scavenging on scraps or insects disturbed by elk.
* Ticks and parasites: Elk are hosts to various parasites and insects like ticks, which can impact their health.
Other Interactions:
* Other elk: Elk are social animals and live in herds, which can influence their interactions with other elk.
* Humans: Elk can be affected by human activities like logging, hunting, and habitat fragmentation.
The specific animals an elk interacts with will depend on its location, the time of year, and other factors.