Mammals:
* Muskox: These large, shaggy mammals rely heavily on arctic willow during the winter months, especially when other food sources are scarce.
* Caribou: These migratory reindeer also graze on arctic willow, particularly during their spring and fall migrations.
* Arctic hares: These small, white rabbits find sustenance in the willow's leaves and twigs, especially during the winter.
* Lemmings: These small rodents nibble on arctic willow, particularly during the summer months.
* Arctic foxes: These cunning predators scavenge on the remains of willow branches left behind by larger animals.
Birds:
* Ptarmigan: These ground-dwelling birds, especially the willow ptarmigan, feed on arctic willow buds and leaves throughout the year.
* Snow buntings: These small songbirds often forage for seeds and buds of arctic willow during the breeding season.
Insects:
* Willow sawflies: These insects feed on the leaves of the willow, sometimes causing significant damage to the plants.
It's important to remember that arctic willow is a vital part of the Arctic ecosystem, providing food and shelter for many animals.