Natural Predators:
* Wolves: Wolves are the most significant predator of elk, especially in areas where they are present. They hunt in packs and can take down even large adult elk.
* Bears: Both black bears and grizzly bears will prey on elk, especially calves and weaker individuals.
* Mountain Lions: Mountain lions, also known as cougars, are solitary hunters that can ambush elk, often targeting young or injured individuals.
* Coyotes: Coyotes are smaller than wolves but can still pose a threat to elk, particularly calves and fawns.
* Humans: While not technically a natural predator, humans are a significant threat to elk populations through hunting and habitat destruction.
Other Threats:
While not direct predators, other factors can also affect elk populations:
* Disease: Elk are susceptible to diseases like brucellosis and chronic wasting disease, which can weaken individuals and make them vulnerable to predators.
* Harsh weather: Extreme cold, snow, and storms can make it difficult for elk to find food and shelter, leading to starvation or exposure.
It's important to note that the specific predators and threats that affect elk populations vary depending on the geographic location.