- Crypsis: Blending in with the environment to avoid detection
- Masquerade: Resembling another organism or object to confuse predators
- Deimatic display: Sudden and unexpected changes in appearance or behaviour to startle predators
Warning signals
- Aposematism: Bright colours and patterns that signal poisonous or dangerous qualities
- Mimicry: Resembling other dangerous or unpalatable species
Chemical defences
- Chemical deterrents: Producing foul-smelling or bad-tasting substances to deter predators
- Toxic substances: Producing or storing toxins that cause injury or illness to predators
Physical defences
- Spines and thorns: Sharp projections on the body that deter predators
- Tough exoskeletons or shells: Hard outer coverings that protect the animal from predators
- Armour plating: Thickened skin or bony plates that provide protection
Behavioral adaptations
- Flight response: Rapid escape when threatened
- Defensive aggression: Displaying aggressive behaviour to deter predators
- Group living: Living in groups can increase protection and decrease the likelihood of being singled out by predators
- Vigilance: Remaining alert and aware of the surroundings to detect potential predators early