Forbs:
* These are broad-leaved, non-woody plants like clover, dandelion, and wildflowers.
* They are especially important in the spring when new growth is abundant.
Grasses:
* Both native and introduced grasses are a staple in their diet, particularly in the summer and fall.
* Examples include blue grama, wheatgrass, and cheatgrass.
Browse:
* This refers to twigs, leaves, and buds from woody plants like shrubs and trees.
* Mule deer consume browse more heavily in the winter when other food sources are scarce.
* Examples include willow, aspen, and sagebrush.
Other Plants:
* They also eat fruits, berries, mushrooms, and even cacti (depending on the region).
Interesting Notes:
* Seasonal Variation: Their diet shifts significantly throughout the year. In the spring, they focus on forbs for their high nutritional value. In the summer, they switch to grasses. During winter, they rely on browse for sustenance.
* Adaptations: Mule deer have adapted to their environment. Their wide-set eyes and long ears help them detect predators, while their powerful legs allow them to navigate rugged terrain.
* Impact: Mule deer play a vital role in the ecosystem, helping to disperse seeds and control plant growth.
It's important to note that mule deer also need access to salt licks to obtain essential minerals.