For American Bison:
* Wolves: Wolves are the primary predator of bison in North America, especially in areas with large packs.
* Mountain Lions: While not as common as wolves, mountain lions can prey on bison, particularly calves and weaker individuals.
* Bears: Grizzly and black bears, especially young or injured bears, may opportunistically scavenge on bison carcasses or even prey on calves.
For African Buffalo:
* Lions: Lions are the primary predator of African buffalo, especially in areas with large prides.
* Leopards: Leopards may sometimes prey on calves or weaker buffalo.
* Spotted Hyenas: Hyenas are opportunistic scavengers and may kill buffalo, particularly if they are weak or injured.
* Crocodiles: Crocodiles can prey on buffalo calves, especially those drinking at water sources.
Other factors:
* Disease: Buffalo are susceptible to various diseases, which can weaken them and make them easier prey for predators.
* Human impact: Human hunting and habitat loss have impacted buffalo populations, making them more vulnerable to predation.
It's important to remember that buffalo are strong and resilient animals, and they are not easy prey. Predators usually target vulnerable individuals like calves, sick, or injured buffalo.